GREATER SILVER SMELT

Argentina silus


Technical report
Published by

Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Iceland

Published

12 June 2026

Key signals

  • Survey biomass has been increasing since 2013 and reached the highest levels in the timeseries in 2023.

  • Recruitment was higher 10 years ago, which explains the increase in survey biomass, but is around average this year.

  • Length distributions are very consistent from one year to another as measured in the autumn survey, with a mean length of ~39 cm.

  • Spawning stock biomass has been increasing since 2013 and is at an all time high, but has been above \(B_{lim}\) since 2014.

  • Fishing mortality (F) is below \(F_{MSY}\) and has been since 2017.

General information

Greater silver smelt is a rather small silvery bathypelagic species that can form large schools close to the seafloor mainly at depths >500 m. In Icelandic waters it can live to around 26 years old. Juveniles tend to aggregate in shallower depths. Greater silver smelt mainly feed on zooplankton (e.g., euphausiids, amphipods, and copepods) or small nekton (e.g., squids, jellyfish, or fish).

Fishery

Landings trends

Landings of greater silver smelt are presented in Table 1 and Figure 1. Since directed fishery started in 1997–1998, the landings increased from 800 t in 1996 to 15 200 t in 1998. Between 1999 and 2007 catches varied between 2700 to 6700 t. Since 2008 landings have increased substantially, from 4200 t in 2007 to almost 16 400 t in 2010. In 2011 landings started to decrease due to increased management actions. Since 2019, landings have increased and amounted to 9109 in 2025. Landings were reported in Greenlandic waters in 2017 and 2018; however, these exploratory directed fisheries appear to have ceased in 2019 but should be monitored for re­appearance.

Figure 1: Greater silver smelt. Nominal landings from Icelandic waters.

Greater silver smelt is mostly fished along the south and southwest coast of Iceland, at depths between 500 and 800 m, as targeted fishing is only allowed at depths greater than 400 m (Figure 2). Greater silver smelt has been caught in bottom trawls for years as a bycatch in the redfish fishery. Only small amounts were reported prior to 1997 as most of the greater silver smelt was discarded.

Figure 2: Greater silver smelt. Depth distribution of catches from Icelandic logbooks. All gears combined.

Fleets

Since 1996 between 20 and 40 trawlers have annually reported catches of greater silver smelt in Icelandic waters (Table 1). The trawlers participating in the greater silver smelt fishery also target Icelandic slope beaked redfish (Sebastes mentella) and to lesser extent Greenland halibut and blue ling. Number of hauls peaked in 2010, but have decreased since then in line with lower total catches. In the most recent years number of hauls have increased. In most years over 50% of the greater silver smelt catches are taken in hauls where the species is more than 50% of the catch (Table 1).

Table 1: Greater silver smelt in Icelandic waters. Information on the fleet reporting catches of greater silver smelt.
Year Number of trawlers Number of hauls Reported catch (tonnes) No. hauls which GSS > 50% of catch Proportion of catch in hauls where GSS > 50%
1997 26 874 2 282 355 0.822
1998 40 2 683 11 389 1 991 0.947
1999 25 1 509 4 564 810 0.849
2000 23 1 301 3 550 608 0.797
2001 26 794 1 606 245 0.692
2002 32 1 160 3 158 468 0.744
2003 30 1 176 2 005 213 0.473
2004 27 1 052 2 733 292 0.653
2005 30 1 388 3 558 335 0.707
2006 31 1 554 3 736 355 0.690
2007 27 1 275 3 470 416 0.718
2008 31 3 261 8 569 848 0.648
2009 34 3 555 10 425 1 010 0.680
2010 36 4 847 16 500 1 821 0.727
2011 34 3 309 10 237 961 0.715
2012 31 3 395 9 776 988 0.710
2013 31 2 743 7 247 609 0.642
2014 24 2 363 6 195 487 0.608
2015 24 2 195 5 835 356 0.574
2016 26 2 096 5 719 385 0.593
2017 21 1 363 3 894 236 0.584
2018 20 1 440 3 893 215 0.479
2019 28 1 169 2 570 143 0.506
2020 25 1 170 2 968 174 0.475
2021 27 1 166 3 439 189 0.663
2022 31 1 697 6 230 468 0.726
2023 25 1 992 5 321 348 0.652
2024 29 1 966 8 333 591 0.858
2025 25 1 615 8 385 522 0.872

Targeting and mixed fisheries issues in the fishery in Icelandic waters

Redfish spp. (golden redfish (Sebastes norvegicus) and deepwater redfish (S. mentella)) are the main bycatch species in the mixed fishery encompassing greater silver smelt. Other species of lesser importance are Greenland halibut, blue ling and ling. Other species than these rarely exceed 10% of the bycatch in the greater silver smelt fishery in Icelandic waters (Table 2).

Table 2: Greater silver smelt in Icelandic waters. Proportional (%) bycatch species composition where greater silver smelt was more than 50% of the total catch in a haul.
Year Golden redfish Deepwater redfish Greenland halibut Ling Blue ling Other
1997 1.4 79.3 0.0 6.8 7 5.4
1998 5.2 77.5 0.0 3.5 7 6.7
1999 4.1 79.8 0.0 2.7 6 7.6
2000 4.9 70.9 0.2 0.3 10 13.7
2001 22.7 55.0 4.5 0.5 1 16.1
2002 17.3 73.9 0.4 1.2 4 3.1
2003 38.4 51.2 0.4 0.0 5 4.8
2004 24.9 68.7 0.7 0.1 1 4.8
2005 15.4 69.9 4.2 1.4 3 6.1
2006 28.8 59.8 1.4 0.9 1 8.1
2007 11.9 71.2 5.9 0.3 6 4.6
2008 26.7 60.8 2.8 1.2 5 3.3
2009 20.1 64.6 3.2 0.2 8 4.0
2010 16.0 63.7 2.0 0.9 6 11.1
2011 13.2 66.4 2.2 0.4 5 13.0
2012 8.8 67.3 1.3 0.2 8 14.8
2013 9.5 63.9 4.6 0.1 9 12.6
2014 2.5 78.3 2.8 0.3 5 10.7
2015 12.6 64.1 4.7 0.2 4 14.5
2016 10.9 73.5 5.4 0.2 3 7.1
2017 2.9 85.6 1.6 0.2 3 6.8
2018 4.7 87.7 2.0 0.0 2 4.0
2019 7.8 81.2 1.8 0.6 2 7.0
2020 5.6 87.5 1.7 0.1 1 4.2
2021 11.6 72.3 5.8 0.3 1 8.7
2022 5.7 84.0 4.0 0.2 3 2.9
2023 10.6 58.9 21.4 0.3 2 6.8
2024 9.8 64.4 5.0 0.6 4 16.3
2025 3.6 76.3 2.0 0.2 2 15.4

Spatial distribution of catches through time

Most of the catches since 1997 have been taken at the southern edge of the Icelandic shelf (Figure 3). In the period, a gradual relative increase is seen in the western area and a gradual decrease in the southeastern area (Figure 3).

Spatial distribution of catches in Icelandic waters has not changed markedly in recent years (Figure 3 and Figure 4) but fishing for greater silver smelt in the NW area seems to have reduced (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Greater silver smelt. Catch distribution and proportions by area according to logbooks.
Figure 4: Greater silver smelt. Spatial distribution of catches as reported in logbooks.
Table 3: Greater silver smelt. Landings (tonnes) records from the Icelandic directorate of Fisheries and Greenland.
Year Section 5.a Section 14.b Total
1988 241 0 241
1989 8 0 8
1990 113 0 113
1991 246 0 246
1992 657 0 657
1993 1 526 0 1 526
1994 756 0 756
1995 586 0 586
1996 881 0 881
1997 3 935 0 3 935
1998 15 242 0 15 242
1999 6 681 0 6 681
2000 5 657 0 5 657
2001 3 043 0 3 043
2002 4 960 0 4 960
2003 2 680 0 2 680
2004 3 645 0 3 645
2005 4 482 0 4 482
2006 4 769 0 4 769
2007 4 227 0 4 227
2008 8 778 0 8 778
2009 10 828 0 10 828
2010 16 428 0 16 428
2011 10 516 0 10 516
2012 9 289 0 9 289
2013 7 155 0 7 155
2014 6 344 4 6 348
2015 6 058 23 6 081
2016 5 646 17 5 663
2017 4 344 667 5 011
2018 4 035 425 4 460
2019 3 209 5 3 214
2020 3 775 35 3 810
2021 4 140 15 4 155
2022 6 886 1 6 887
2023 5 268 0 5 268
2024 9 044 10 9 054
2025 9 109 0 9 109

Data and sampling

In general, sampling from commercial catches is considered representative of the stock, as one of the requirements of owning a fishing license for greater silver smelt is the retention of scientific samples (Table 4). Samples were only obtained from bottom trawls. The sampling does seem to cover the spatial and temporal distribution of catches. In recent years there was a decline in sampling which has been improved since 2023. The sampling coverage in 2025 is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Greater silver smelt. Fishing grounds as reported in logbooks and positions of samples taken from landings (asterisks).

Landings and discards

Landings by Icelandic vessels are given by the Icelandic Directorate of Fisheries. Discarding is banned in Icelandic waters, and currently there is no available information on greater silver smelt discards. It is however likely that unknown quantities of greater silver smelt were discarded prior to 1996.

Length compositions

Table 4 gives the number of samples and measurements available for calculations of catch in numbers of greater silver smelt in Icelandic waters. Mean length of greater silver smelt in catches has been rather stable from 2005 in the range of 37 – 43 cm (Figure 6). However, there was a slight increase in mean length in 2012 and again in 2018 (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Greater silver smelt. Relative length distributions from Icelandic commercial bottom trawl catches.

Age compositions

Table 4 gives the number of samples and measurements available for calculations of catch in numbers of greater silver smelt in Icelandic waters. Mean ages from catches have been variable from 2000 in the range 6 – 14 years, with relatively high mean ages when catches are low (Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9). The reason for these changes is not known as there is no marked difference in the spatial distribution of the fishery; however, reduced fishing pressure may be a factor.

Table 4: Greater silver smelt. Summary of sampling intensity and overview of available data.
Year No. length samples No. length measurements No. otolith samples No. aged otoliths
1997 48 4 992 1 447 1 059
1998 148 15 559 6 964 889
1999 58 4 163 2 180 82
2000 27 2 968 1 011 113
2001 10 489 245 17
2002 21 2 270 360 127
2003 63 5 095 425 0
2004 34 997 225 84
2005 49 3 708 772 0
2006 29 4 186 616 525
2007 14 2 158 285 272
2008 44 3 726 1 768 1 387
2009 53 5 702 1 746 1 574
2010 134 16 353 3 370 3 120
2011 63 6 866 1 953 1 774
2012 43 4 440 1 492 603
2013 47 4 977 710 704
2014 39 4 709 350 340
2015 11 1 275 221 217
2016 45 5 879 285 283
2017 29 3 466 430 416
2018 12 1 437 185 181
2019 10 1 250 40 40
2020 12 1 905 130 130
2021 14 1 301 215 214
2022 8 603 165 165
2023 28 2 789 479 476
2024 29 2 609 575 568
2025 27 3 286 350 330
Figure 7: Greater silver smelt. Catch weights by age from the commercial fishery in Icelandic waters.
Figure 8: Greater silver smelt. Catch at age from the commercial fishery in Icelandic waters. Miomass caught by year and age; bars are coloured by cohort.

Weight at age in catches

Mean weight at age in the catch is shown in Figure 9. Catch weights of most year classes have been decreasing in recent years with an exception for some of the older age classes in 2019 (Figure 9). Weight at age was higher for the younger age classes in 2005-2015.

Figure 9: Greater silver smelt. Mean weight at age in the catch from the commercial fishery in Icelandic waters. Bars are coloured by cohort. Data is missing for some years and cohorts resulting in zero values in the figure.

Catch per unit of effort and effort data from commercial fisheries

At WKDEEP 2010 a glm cpue series was presented (WKDEEP 2010, GSS-05), however because of strong residual patterns the group concluded that the glm-cpue series was not suitable to use as an indicator of stock trends. The cpue is not considered to represent changes in stock abundance as the fishery is mostly controlled by market factors, oil prices and quota status in other species, mainly redfish. CPUE may however, give an idea of the behavior of the fishery (Figure 10).

Figure 10: Greater silver smelt. Catch per unit effort in the Icelandic bottom trawl fishery.

Survey data

The Icelandic autumn groundfish survey was commenced in 1996 and expanded in 2000. A detailed description of the autumn groundfish survey is given in the stock annex (ICES, 2025) for greater silver smelt in Icelandic waters. The survey is considered representative of stock biomass of greater silver smelt since it was expanded in 2000. Figure 11 gives the most recent catch quantities and locations of surveys. The observed trends in the biomass indices from the autumn survey have a considerably different trend than those observed in the spring survey (Figure 12). According to the autumn survey, biomass increased more or less year on year from 2000 to 2008 but then decreased in 2009 and 2010. The total biomass index in the autumn survey showed slight variations until 2014 when the index increased to the highest value observed at the time. In 2023, the index reached the highest value in the timeseries (Figure 12).

The Icelandic spring groundfish survey, which has been conducted annually in March since 1985, gives trends on fishable biomass of many exploited stocks on the Icelandic fishing grounds. In total, about 550 stations are taken annually at depths down to 500 m. The survey area does not cover the most important distribution area of the greater silver smelt fishery in Icelandic waters but does give an indication of recruitment and is, as of the WKBDEEP meeting in 2025 (ICES 2025) included in the assessment. The juvenile index has a very high peak in 1986 but then hardly any juveniles are detected in the survey in 1987 to 1995. Since 1998 there have been several small spikes in the recruitment index (Figure 12).

Most of the greater silver smelt caught in the survey is taken in few but relatively large hauls. This can result in very high indices with large variances particularly if the tow-station in question happens to be in a large stratum with relatively few tow-stations. For example, autumn survey indices in 1999, 2014 and 2023 are especially high in comparison with survey indices from adjacent years (Figure 12).

Figure 11: Greater silver smelt. Abundance and distribution of greater silver smelt in the spring survey (SMB) this year and in the autumn survey (SMH) last year.
Figure 12: Greater silver smelt. Indices calculated from the Icelandic spring survey (lines and shaded area) and from the autumn survey (dots). Vertical lines and shaded area represent +/- 1 standard error.

No substantial changes are seen in spatial distribution of the autumn survey. For the spring survey, a large proportional increase is observed in the Southeast (Figure 13).

Figure 13: Greater silver smelt. Estimated survey biomass in the spring survey (left) and autumn survey (right) by year from different areas (upper figures) and as proportions of the total (lower figures).

Length distributions from the autumn survey are rather stable, with 2025 being close to the long-term average. For the spring survey however, smaller sizes can be observed at times of high recruitment (Figure 14).

Figure 14: Greater silver smelt. Relative length distribution from the autumn survey.

Survey indices disaggregated by age show an increase in most age classes in recent years for the autumn survey (Figure 15). As expected, the spring survey is limited mostly to the younger age classes but the largest indices are found in 2005 for 5 year olds and 5-10 years in recent years (Figure 15).

Figure 15: Greater silver smelt. Age disaggregated indices in the autumn survey (left) and spring survey (right). fill colours indicate cohorts. Note different scales on y-axes.

Stock weight at age

Mean weight at age in the survey is shown in Figure 16. Stock weights are obtained from the autumn groundfish survey in October and are also used as mean weigtht at age in the spawning stock.

Figure 16: Greater silver smelt. Stock weights from the autumn survey (SMH) in Icelandic waters. Bars are coloured by cohort.

Stock maturity

Estimates of maturity ogives of greater silver smelt in 5.a were presented at the ICES 2020 meeting for both age and length (ICES 2020) using data collected in the Icelandic autumn survey (See stock annex for details). Males, on average, mature at a slightly older age or at 6.5 compared to 5.6 for females but at a similar length as females 35.3 cm (Figure 18).

Figure 17: Greater silver smelt. Maturity at age in the survey. Bars are coloured by cohort. The values are used to calculate the spawning stock.
Figure 18: Greater silver smelt. Proportion mature at length from the autumn survey. The black line is the most recent year.

Stock assessment

In 2025, Greater silver smelt in 5.a and 14 was reassessed as age data had been improved and the SAM model framework is more stable and easier to use than the previously benchmarked Gadget model. As a part of a Harvest Control Evaluation the stock was benchmarked (WKBDEEP, ICES 2025) which resulted in changes in the assessment method and updated reference points. Model setup and settings are described in the Stock Annex (ICES, 2025).

Model fit

Figure 19 shows the overall fit to the survey indices. In general, the model appears to follow the stock trends historically. Furthermore, the terminal estimate is not seen to deviate substantially from the observed value for most length groups, with model overestimating the abundance in the two largest length group. Summed up over survey biomass the model overestimates the biomass in the terminal years. The overview of model parameter estimates are shown in Figure 24.

Figure 19: Greater silver smelt. Model fit to indices from the autumn survey, spring survey and residual catch. Black dots are observed values and the black line is the model fit.

Results

Population dynamics of the greater silver smelt estimated in this model show a clear trend of a high recruitment period from 2004-2010, corresponding with increased spawning stock biomass (SSB) and catches during the 2010-2019 period. Fishing mortality remained rather low except 2008 – 2016 when it increased substantially (Figure 20).

Figure 20: Greater silver smelt. Model results of population dynamics overview: estimated catch, average fishing mortality over ages 6-14 (Fbar), recruitment (age 5), and spawning stock biomass (SSB). Catch and fbar values in 2024 are projections.

Retrospective analysis

Analytical retrospective analysis is presented (Figure 21). The analysis indicates an upward revision of spawning stock biomass (SSB) and recruitment in recent years. Estimates of fishing mortality have been relatively stable throughout the time series.

Mohn’s ρ was estimated to be -0.075 for SSB, 0.054 for F, and -0.138 for recruitment. Neither observation nor process residuals show obvious trends (Figure 22 and Figure 23).

Figure 21: Greater silver smelt. Retrospective plots illustrating stability in model estimates over a 5-year “peel” in data. Results of spawning stock biomass, fishing mortality F, and recruitment (age 5) are shown.
Figure 22: Greater silver smelt. Observation error residuals of the SAM model.
Figure 23: Greater silver smelt. Process error residuals of the SAM model.
Figure 24: Greater silver smelt. Illustration of estimated model parameters.
Figure 25: Greater silver smelt. Comparsion of the modelled survey indices (solid lines) and survey indices (dots).

Reference points

As part of the WKBDEEP 2025 HCR evaluations (ICES 2025), the following reference points were defined.

Table 5: Greater silver smelt. Reference points adopted from ICES WKBDEEp 2025 (ICES 2025).
Framework Reference_point Value Technical_basis
MSY Approach MSY Btrigger 49481 Bpa
FMSY 0.093 F that produces MSY in the long term
Precautionary Approach Blim 40531 Bloss (SSB in 2013)
Bpa 49481 Blim x e1.645 * 0.12
Flim 0.145 Fishing mortality that in stochastic equilibrium will result in median SSB at Blim.
Fpa Maximum F at which the probability of SSB falling below Blim is <5%

Management

The Ministry of Industries is responsible for management of the Icelandic fisheries and implementation of legislation. The ministry issues regulations for commercial fishing for each fishing year (1 September–31 August), including an allocation of the TAC for each stock sub-ject to such limitations. Before the 2013/2014 fishing year the Icelandic fishery was managed as an exploratory fishery subject to licensing since 1997. A detailed description of regulations on the fishery of greater silver smelt in Icelandic waters is given in the stock annex (ICES 2025). Fishing for greater silver smelt is banned at depths less than 400 m to avoid catching younger fish.

The TAC for the 2013/2014 fishing year was set at 8000 t based on the recommendations of MFRI using a preliminary Gadget model and the 2014/2015 fishing year the recommendation was to maintain the catches at 8000 t. For the fishing year 2015/2016 it was also maintained at 8000 t, but varied between 7600 and 12273 since then, 2024/2025 being the highest (Table 6).

Figure 19 illustrates the difference between national TAC and landed catch in Icelandic waters. Flexibility is built into the Icelandic fisheries management system in which quota is transformed for use for constraining species when it is available. As this stock is consistently caught at levels lower than the TAC in recent years, it has been a source of quota that may be used to fish other species.

Table 6: Greater silver smelt. TAC recommended by the Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, national TAC set by the Ministry, and total landings (tonnes).
Advice period Advice TAC Total
2010/2011 8000 8 000 12 091
2011/2012 6000 6 000 8 410
2012/2013 8000 8 000 11 039
2013/2014 8000 8 000 7 243
2014/2015 8000 8 000 6 849
2015/2016 8000 8 000 6 019
2016/2017 7885 7 885 3 570
2017/2018 9310 9 310 5 159
2018/2019 7603 7 603 2 807
2019/2020 9124 9 124 3 775
2020/2021 8729 8 729 4 282
2021/2022 8717 8 717 6 550
2021/2022 9244 9 244 6 550
2022/2023 11520 11 520 5 430
2023/2024 10920 12 080 7 384
2024/2025 12273 12 273 —
2025/2026 7771 7 771 —
Figure 26: Greater silver smelt. Net transfer of quota in the Icelandic ITQ system by fishing year. Between years (upper): Net transfer of quota from a given fishing year (may include unused quota). Between species (lower): Positive values indicate a transfer of other species to greater silver smelt, but negative values indicate a transfer of greater silver smelt quota to other species.
Figure 27: Greater silver smelt. Comparison of the total allowable catch, adviced catch and total catch within the Icelandic EEZ.

Current advisory framework

Reference points defined for the stock are shown in Table 5.

Short-term forecast

Short term projections are performed mostly using the standard procedure in SAM using the forecast function. Three-year averages are used for stock weights and maturity, but for catch weight, full uptake of the TAC is assumed in the current fishing year. These changes are made because the current fishing pressure is higher than that of the previous year’s resulting in an underestimate when using the standard procedure. From this projection the advice is derived. The advice is based on the Icelandic fishing year starting in September each year. This causes a mismatch between the assessment model, which is based on the calendar year. So in order to provide advice for the fishing year, the standard projection procedure in SAM will need to be adapted to accommodate these differences. So given the assessment in year \(y\) the interim year catches are based on the following fishing mortality: \[F_{y} = \left(\frac{8}{12}F_{sq} + \frac{4}{12} F_{MSY}\right)\] and therefore the total catches for year \(y\) will be: \[ C_{y} = \frac{F_{y}}{F_{y} + M} \left(1 - e^{-(F_{y} + M)}\right)B_{y}\]

and the part of the catch in the fishing year y-1/y will be \[\frac{\frac{8}{12}F_{sq}}{\left(\frac{8}{12}F_{sq} + \frac{4}{12} F_{MSY}\right)} C_y\]

and the catch in fishing year y/y+1 will be: \[C_{y/y+1} = \frac{\frac{4}{12}F_{MSY}}{\left(\frac{8}{12}F_{sq} + \frac{4}{12} F_{MSY}\right)} C_y + \frac{8}{12}C_{y+1}\] where \[C_{y+1} = \frac{F_{MSY}}{F_{MSY} + M} \left(1 - e^{-(F_{MSY} + M)}\right)B_{y}\] The results from the short term prognosis are shown in Table 7.

Table 7: Greater silver smelt in 5a and 14. Results from the short term prognosis.
Year F(6-14) Recruitment SSB Catch
2026 0.089 33 899 76 702 7 121
2027 0.093 39 250 74 496 7 605
2028 0.093 39 250 73 825 7 438

Management considerations

Exploitation of greater silver smelt in Icelandic waters has gradually declined since its peak in 2010, falling to levels below than the average exploitation rate in the reference period.

Short-term declines in biomass due to high fishing pressure have occurred in the history of greater silver smelt fishing in Iceland. However, a longer-term decline in biomass was ob-served from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, although catch data from this period are unreliable, making it difficult to directly attribute the decline to fishing. Since the mid-1990s, bio-mass has generally increased. This recovery is likely due to a combination of reduced fishing pressure and favorable environmental conditions, which have supported strong recruitment over the past decade.

References

ICES. 2010. Report of the Benchmark Workshop on Deep‐water Species (WKDEEP), 17–24 February 2010, Copenhagen, Denmark. ICESCM2010/ACOM: 38. 247pp. http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Expert%20Group%20Report/acom/2010/WKDEEP/wkdeep_final_2010.pdf

ICES. 2014. “Report of the Working Group on the Biology and Assessment of Deep-Sea Fisheries Resources (WGDEEP). ICES Scientific Reports. 1:21., Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES Cm 2014/Acom:17.” International Council for the Exploration of the Seas; ICES publishing. https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.5262.

ICES. 2020. “Stock Annex: Greater silver smelt (Argentina silus) in Subarea 14 and Division 5.a (East Greenland and Iceland grounds).” International Council for the Exploration of the Seas; ICES publishing. https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.20037254

ICES. 2021. Benchmark Workshop of Greater silver smelt (WKGSS; Outputs from 2020 meeting). ICES Scientific Reports, 3:5. 485 pp. https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.5986.

ICES. 2025. Benchmark Workshop on Selected Deep-Sea Fisheries Stocks (WKBDEEP). ICES Scientific Reports. 7:24. 148 pp. https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.28882295